References ordered by chapter added January 2016
Chapter 1
KANG, T. and LEE, J., 2015.
Multiform Korean handwriting authentication by forensic document examiners. Forensic science international, 255, pp. 133-6.
This paper examines the ways that experts interact with one
another in the peer review process of assessing findings. Peer review led to fewer incorrect opinions
and this was mirrored in an increase in inconclusive opinions. The authors also found that the greatest
problems were to be found when examining disguised handwriting.
Chapter 2
LIN, Q., LUO, J., WU, Z., SHEN,
F. and SUN, Z., 2015. Characterization of fine motor development: Dynamic
analysis of children's drawing movements. Human
Movement Science, 40, pp. 163-175.
This study finds that the capabilities of children to
control the movement of a writing implement increases markedly with age in
early school years. There is a very
useful summary of much of the published literature as background to the
study. Older children generally
completed drawing tasks more efficiently in terms of time taken and the
smoothness of movement as shown by reduced variability of pen velocity. This reflects a greater automaticity of
production in the older children.
SITA, J.C. and TAYLOR, K.A.,
2015. Eye movements during the handwriting of words: Individually and within
sentences. Human Movement Science, 43, pp. 229-238.
Very little has been published on the subject of eye
movement during handwriting and this paper finds that eye fixation is routinely
used by writers to assist in the process of handwriting production. Fixations were longer and more frequent for
handwriting that for reading the same word.
CHEN, X., 2015. Extraction and
analysis of the width, gray scale and radian in Chinese signature handwriting. Forensic science international, 255, pp. 123-32.
This paper looks at computer-based analysis of Chinese
signatures written as originals, freehand simulations, traced simulations or
random non-simulated signatures. Using
appropriate quantitative feature extraction and statistical analysis the method
was able to provide evidence that could perhaps add objective assistance to the
document examiner.
KAM, M., ABICHANDANI, P. and
HEWETT, T., 2015. Simulation Detection in Handwritten Documents by Forensic
Document Examiners. Journal of forensic
sciences, 60(4), pp. 936-941.
This paper looks at simulated handwriting (as opposed to
simulated signatures) and seeks to discover whether document examiners are
better at identifying genuine or simulated handwriting than lay persons. In addition, the sample of lay persons was
taken from a wider population than such studies often use (students and
academics working in the research environment) as such may not be
representative of the handwriting skills of the wider population. The authors found document examiners to be
significantly more competent than lay people at assessing genuine and simulated
handwriting.
CHANG, S., CHEN, C. and YU, N.,
2015. Biomechanical analyses of prolonged handwriting in subjects with and
without perceived discomfort. Human
Movement Science, 43, pp. 1-8.
This paper studies the biomechanics of handwriting in the
context of writers that find prolonged writing to cause discomfort. The authors find that certain biomechanical
and ergonomic conditions may increase the likelihood of pain in handwriting
which could assist occupational therapy remediation.
KÖMÜR, I., GÜRLER, A.S.,
BASPINAR, B., SAHIN, E., KANTARCI, M.N., EMÜL, M., KANDEMIR, E., AKIN, H.M. and
ÜNER, H.B., 2015. Differences in Handwritings of Schizophrenia Patients and
Examination of the Change after Treatment. Journal
of forensic sciences, 60(6), pp.
1613-1619.
The handwriting of 29 schizophrenic patients were compared
to that from 29 control subjects.
Handwriting from the schizophrenia patients was compared before and
after some treatment to see what effects it had. The schizophrenia patients had writing that
tended to be larger and more erratic in letter use, re-writing, corrected
errors and punctuation.
ALAMARGOT, D. and MORIN, M.,
2015. Does handwriting on a tablet screen affect students’ graphomotor
execution? A comparison between Grades Two and Nine. Human Movement Science, 44,
pp. 32-41.
This paper assesses the impact that writing on a computer
tablet screen with a plastic-tipped stylus has on young (year 2) and older children
(year 9). Pen pauses were affected in
younger children and pen movement in the older age group.
Chapter 4
BRAZ, A., LOPEZ-LOPEZ, M., MONTALVO, G. and GARCIA RUIZ, C., 2015b. Forensic discrimination of inkjet-printed lines by Raman spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 47(4), pp. 411-420.
This paper uses a relatively standard piece of scientific kit produced mainly for the forensic document market (rather than more sophisticated and higher specification research machines that use similar analytical methods) and found that useful results can be obtained using them especially after surface enhancement (SERS).
GÁL, L., ORAVEC, M., GEMEINER, P.
and ČEPPAN, M., 2015. Principal component analysis for the forensic
discrimination of black inkjet inks based on the Vis–NIR fibre optics
reflection spectra. Forensic science
international, 257, pp. 285-292.
Black inkjet inks were examined using vis-nir (near
infrared) fibre optic reflection spectroscopy which can be used directly on the
paper. Principal component analysis was
used to analyse the data which were obtained both from solid blocks of ink and
lines. Three ink manufacturers were
compared with useful results.
Chapter 6
TAKALO, J., TIMONEN, J., SAMPO,
J., RANTALA, M., SILTANEN, S. and LASSAS, M., 2014. Using the fibre structure
of paper to determine authenticity of the documents: Analysis of transmitted
light images of stamps and banknotes. Forensic
science international, 244, pp. 252-258.
The fibre structure of paper is determined using xray
transmission and associated algorithms.
The paper of genuine and counterfeit documents is compared and
differences assessed.
ITAMIYA, H. and SUGITA, R., 2015.
Effects of printing and ninhydrin treatment on forensic analysis of paper. Forensic science international, 255, pp. 38-42.
This paper looks at the impact that either printing (such as
from a computer printer) or ninhdrin treatment (to detect fingerprints) has on
the forensic examination of paper. The
grammage and thickness of the paper were slightly altered, the elemental
composition (shown by x-ray diffraction) was almost unchanged as was the
appearance of the pulp fibres under light microscopy.
GWO, C., WEI, C., LI, Y. and
CHIU, N., 2015. Reconstruction of Banknote Fragments Based on Keypoint Matching
Method. Journal of forensic sciences, 60(4), pp. 906-913.
Reconstructing torn or shredded documents is a difficult and
time-consuming activity. The use of
computers to analyse images and search for feature keypoints that correspond to
similarity between adjacent pieces of paper can assist the reconstruction
process.
SASAOKA, S., SAITO, K., HIGASHI,
K., LIMWIKRANT, W., MORIBE, K., SUZUKI, S. and YAMAMOTO, K., 2015. Design of
one-dimensional power spectrum using two-dimensional fast Fourier transform for
discrimination of paper-based kraft tapes. Forensic
science international, 257, pp. 329-336.
This paper describes a method to compare adhesive tapes that
have a paper base. Light is transmitted
through the tape and the resulting pattern of light obtained is analysed.
Chapter 7
LINS BORBA, F.D.S., HONORATO,
R.S. and DE JUAN, A., 2015. Use of Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics to
distinguish blue ballpoint pen inks. Forensic
science international, 249, pp. 73-82.
The use of Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with data
analytical methods is described to differentiate between blue inks. The similarities between some inks is noted
in their tendency to form clusters of similar ink types based on the analytical
data.
SUBEDI, K., TREJOS, T. and
ALMIRALL, J., 2015. Forensic analysis of printing inks using tandem Laser
Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma
Mass Spectrometry. Spectrochimica Acta
Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy, 103,
pp. 76-83.
Printing inks from both conventional printing methods such
as offset lithography and digital printing such as inkjet were analysed using
two methods in tandem to determine their elemental composition. Results showed that inks could be
distinguished using this approach.
LENNARD, C., EL-DEFTAR, M.M. and
ROBERTSON, J., 2015. Forensic application of laser-induced breakdown
spectroscopy for the discrimination of questioned documents. Forensic science international, 254, pp. 68-79.
Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy is found to be a good
way of discriminating between paper, pen inks, toner and inkjet inks. This analytical technique has been used to
examine various aspects of document production before by analysing the presence
of different atomic elements and this paper adds Australian samples of paper to
the body of tested materials. The
authors show that it is possible to differentiate between paper samples produced
at the same mill but at different times, for example.
LI, B., 2015. Extraction
percentage analysis of inkpad seals stored under different conditions. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 47(4), pp. 421-427.
Stamp pad inks were stored under three conditions, namely
normal, heated and under ultraviolet light, for a range of time periods. Extraction of the ink was then assessed as a
means of determining the effects of these three conditions upon the ease with
which ink can be removed from the paper.
HOSU, A., POP, B. and CIMPOIU,
C., 2015. The Forensic Analysis of Pigments from Some Inks by HPTLC. Journal of Liquid Chromatography &
Related Technologies, 38(11),
pp. 1109-1112.
The authors use high performance thin layer chromatography
(hptlc) to compare pen inks. The results
can be used to ‘fingerprint’ different inks the data for which can be used to
form a library of different inks.
LEE, L.C., YUNUS, I.S.M.D.,
FUAD,WAN NUR SYAZWANI WAN MOHAMAD, ISHAK, A.A. and OSMAN, K., 2015. Statistical
discrimination of black ballpoint pen inks using ultra-performance liquid
chromatography with principal component analysis. Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 70(3), pp. 374-377.
Use of ultra-performance liquid chromatography (which uses
high specification materials to enhance separation of components in chemical
mixtures) is used to analyse inks. The
output from the sensitive equipment is analysed using the statistical method of
principal component analysis.
Chapter 8
KHAN, Z., SHAFAIT, F. and MIAN,
A., 2015. Automatic ink mismatch detection for forensic document analysis. Pattern Recognition, 48(11), pp. 3615-3626.
This paper examines hyperspectral document examination using
algorithms to automatically detect the presence of more than one ink on a
document.
Chapter 10
WANG, S., LU, C. and WANG, G.,
2015. Examination of the Sequence between Laser Printing and Rollerball Pen
Writing Without an Intersecting Stroke. Journal
of forensic sciences, 60(6), pp.
1594-1600.
This paper examines documents where the specific
circumstances are alleged to be that a document signed using a rollerball pen
is then passed through a laser printer to add text. The idea is that the pen line may be
distorted by the heat and pressure that are used in laser printers and that any
microscopic extraneous toner from the laser printer drum may also be visible on
top of the ink. The authors report a
good success rate in determining the sequence of events.
SAUZIER, G., GILES, P., LEWIS,
S.W. and VAN BRONSWIJK, W., 2015. In situ studies into the characterisation and
degradation of blue ballpoint inks by diffuse reflectance visible spectroscopy.
Analytical Methods, 7(12), pp. 4892-4900.
Diffuse reflectance visible spectroscopy was used to analyse
blue ballpoint pen inks kept under a number of environmental conditions. The results were analysed using principal
component analysis. Aging and
environmental factors could be determined.
References ordered by chapter added April 2016
Chapter 2
BARA, F., MORIN, M., ALAMARGOT,
D. and BOSSE, M., 2016. Learning different allographs through handwriting: The
impact on letter knowledge and reading acquisition. Learning and Individual Differences, 45, pp. 88-94.
The purpose of this paper is to
determine whether or not the style of handwriting that a child learns to use
relates to their ability to read. The
findings suggest that some styles of handwriting are linked to better reading.
CASE-SMITH, J., WEAVER, L. and
HOLLAND, T., 2014. Effects of a Classroom-Embedded Occupational
Therapist-Teacher Handwriting Program for First-Grade Students. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68(6), pp. 690-698.
A particular teaching method
aimed at improving handwriting in children is described.
DZIEDZIC, T., 2016. The Influence
of Lying Body Position on Handwriting. Journal
of forensic sciences, 61, pp.
S177-S183.
The position in which a writer
signs a signature could influence the appearance of that signature. For example, a patient in a hospital bed may
produce a signature that differs from a signature produced in more normal
circumstances. This paper found that
indeed some parameters of the signature did vary, such as pen pressure and
height of letters.
KANDEL, S. and PERRET, C., 2015.
How do movements to produce letters become automatic during writing
acquisition? Investigating the development of motor anticipation. International Journal of Behavioral
Development, 39(2), pp. 113-120.
The efficient execution of
handwriting requires smooth pen movements that reflect the writer’s ability to
anticipate the pen path required. This
skill leads to greater automaticity and the results of this study suggest that
it improves in children between the ages of 8 and 10.
MALDARELLI, J.E., KAHRS, B.A.,
HUNT, S.C. and LOCKMAN, J.J., 2015. Development of Early Handwriting:
Visual-Motor Control During Letter Copying. Developmental
psychology, 51(7), pp. 879-888.
The connection between visual and
motor skills in copying letterforms in children is studied. The ability of young children to copy is
found to deteriorate as the copying task becomes more challenging.
VAN GEMMERT, A.W.A. and
CONTRERAS-VIDAL, J.L., 2015. Graphonomics and its contribution to the field of
motor behavior: A position statement. Human
Movement Science, 43, pp.
165-168.
The field of graphonomics is a
multi-disciplinary one that brings together those interested in the processes
of handwriting and drawing. This article
describes the current focus of some important research areas.
VANDENBORRE, D., VAN DUN, K.,
ENGELBORGHS, S. and MARIEN, P., 2015. Apraxic agraphia following thalamic
damage: Three new cases. Brain and
language, 150, pp. 153-165.
Apraxic agraphia was found in
patients with lesions to the thalamic region of the brain whilst other
linguistic skills were unaffected. This
paper is a technical discussion of the neurological aspects of this.
Chapter 5
AUBERSON, M., BAECHLER, S.,
ZASSO, M., GENESSAY, T., PATINY, L. and ESSEIVA, P., 2016. Development of a
systematic computer vision-based method to analyse and compare images of false
identity documents for forensic intelligence purposes-Part I: Acquisition,
calibration and validation issues. Forensic
science international, 260, pp.
74-84.
The authors describe a model for
a vision-based system to identify fraudulent identity documents. This paper sets out the conditions for
acquiring the image so as to ensure that the data collected are comparable so
as to produce valid results.
Chapter 7
XU, Y., ZHOU, X. and SHI, X.,
2016. HPLC and HPLC/MS analysis of red ink on counterfeit 100-yuan notes. Forensic science international, 259, pp. 47-52.
This paper describes a method
that not only can be used to differentiate between genuine and counterfeit
banknotes on the basis of a chemical ink comparison, it also has the potential
to link counterfeits to one another and to a suspect source.
Chapter 9
PARSONS, L., SHARFE, G. and
VINTINER, S., 2016. DNA Analysis and Document Examination: The Impact of Each
Technique on Respective Analyses. Journal
of forensic sciences, 61(1), pp.
26-34.
Recovering DNA from a document
can require the destruction of some of the document. This paper considers strategies when
examining documents for indented impressions of handwriting with ESDA, DNA
analysis and other document examination types.